Computer Models Show How a Black Hole Eats a Star

PC Models Show How a Black Hole Eats a Star Were totally entranced with dark gaps. We get some information about them, we read about them in the news. what's more, they appear in TV shows and movies. However, for all our interest in these inestimable monsters, we still dont have a deep understanding of them. They mock the principles by being difficult to consider and recognize. Space experts are as yet making sense of the specific mechanics of how heavenly dark gaps structure when monstrous stars kick the bucket. This is made harder by the way that we havent seen one very close. Getting almost one (in the event that we could) would be exceptionally unsafe. Nobody would endure even a nearby brush with one of these high-gravity beasts. Along these lines, space experts do what they can to comprehend them from a separation. They utilize light (noticeable, x-beam, radio, and bright emissions)â that originate from the district around the dark opening to make some astute conclusions about its mass, turn, its jet,â and different attributes. At that point, they feed this into PC programs intended to show dark gap activity.Computer models dependent on real observational information of dark openings help them to reenact what occurs at dark gaps, especially when one eats something up. What Does a Black Hole ComputerModel Show Us? Lets state that some place known to mankind, at theâ center of a system like our own Milky Way, theres a dark opening. Out of nowhere an exceptional blaze of radiation flares out from the territory of the dark gap. What has occurred? A close by star has meandered into gradual addition circle (the plate of material spiraling into the dark gap), crossed the occasion skyline (the gravitational final turning point around a dark gap), and is destroyed by the exceptional gravitational draw. The heavenly gases are warmed up as the star is shreddedâ and that glimmer of radiation is its last correspondence to the outside world before it is lost until the end of time. The Tell-Tale Radiation Signature Those radiation marks are significant pieces of information to the very presence of a dark opening, which doesn't emit any radiation of its own. All the radiation we see is originating from the items and material around it. In this way, cosmologists search for the obvious radiation marks of issue being eaten up by dark holes:â x-beams or radio outflows, since the occasions that transmit them are very energetic.â Subsequent to contemplating dark openings in removed universes, stargazers saw that a few worlds abruptly light up at their centers and afterward gradually diminish down. The qualities of the light emitted and the diminish down opportunity arrived to be known as marks of dark opening gradual addition circles eating close by stars and gas mists and emitting radiation. It was, as one stargazer stated, Like a dark opening setting up a sign that stated, Here I am!! Information Makethe Model With enough information on these flareups at the hearts of cosmic systems, cosmologists can utilize supercomputersâ to reproduce the dynamic powers at work in the locale around a supermassive dark gap. What theyve discovered discloses to us much about how these dark openings work and how regularly they light up their galactic hosts. For instance, a cosmic system like our Milky Way with its focal dark opening may eat up a normal of one star like clockwork. The flare of radiation from such a dining experience blurs rapidly, so on the off chance that we miss the show, we probably won't see it again for a serious long time. Be that as it may, there are numerous universes, thus space experts study whatever number as could reasonably be expected to search for radiation upheavals. In the coming years, stargazers will be deluged with information from such activities as Pan-STARRS, GALEX, the Palomar Transient Factory, and other forthcoming cosmic reviews. There will beâ hundreds of occasions in their information setsâ to investigate. That should help ourâ understanding of dark gaps and the stars around them. PC models will keep on having an enormous impact in diving into the proceeding with riddles of these grandiose beasts.

How to Write an Expository Essay - The Great Staar Essay Samples

How to Write an Expository Essay - The Great Staar Essay SamplesOne of the best things you can do as a student and for your development as an author is to use different examples from different sources in writing your expository essay. Staying focused on your topic will definitely come with practice, but I am pretty sure that you have all but forgotten how to write an expository essay by now. It is very easy to overlook these types of samples because they are not commonly used, but it is just a matter of time before you look at them and realize that it was something you should have done all along.The first type of essay samples that you should be using are Staar Essay Samples. These are usually your best friend when it comes to any type of writing. If you do not have the opportunity to read other people's work on a regular basis, then you need to make this one of your priorities.It is vital that you make a conscious effort to take good expository essay samples and learn from them. The y will make you a better writer, they will help you improve on your academic writing skills, and they will give you the power to control how the reader reacts to what you have written. An example would be if you were to read an essay sample by someone that had a very hard time writing. You might start to realize what areas of your own essay that you could improve upon, and that is the perfect opportunity to add some more information to your topic.In a way, Staar's essay samples allow you to see the big picture and how to approach writing a great article or paper. Because they do not try to teach you the details of your topic, you can start working on the details as you go. The examples can only show you what is on the surface, however.Another way that Staar's essay samples can help you is in providing you with the ability to find topics that fit with what you are already interested in. This is a great technique to develop your skills on, as well as helping you understand more about the subject. Since these topics are written by real people, you are going to get a lot of information from them that you might not otherwise get from reading articles.The other aspect of being able to use these articles is that they can help you determine how to structure your paper and how to write it well. Sometimes, a student does not know what to do with their papers until they actually spend time with a professional who is able to help them. The Staar Essay Samples is the perfect place to start because you will be able to go through it step by step and learn from it.While the expository essay is not all about the material that you are writing about, I am sure that you do want to discuss a particular topic in detail. You are only limited by your own imagination, which is why you need to keep learning about different styles of writing and how to create a solid argument. Using the different examples that you will get with the Staar Essay Samples will help you learn how to make you r point.I cannot stress enough how important it is to always use Staar's essay samples and make the most out of them. There are so many different ways that they can help you out, and you just never know where it is going to take you. Hopefully, you will find that these are some of the greatest tips that you have ever learned about making your writing look good.

Does Brain Training Really Increase IQ

Does Brain Training Really Increase IQ Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Does Brain Training Really Increase IQ? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by on February 10, 2020 Blend Images - Dave and Les Jacobs/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Brain training is big business. From online websites to video games to mobile apps, it seems like there are plenty of ways to give your brain a bit of a boost. But does all this brain training really work? Can it increase your cognitive abilities or your IQ? According to a few recent studies, while these brain training tools might help sharpen your abilities to retain information, they wont necessarily increase your intelligence or improve your ability to reason and think abstractly. The parent company of one of the most prominent brain training websites, Lumosity, was fined by the Federal Trade Commission in January 2016 for deceptive advertising. According to the FTC complaint, the company suggested its games could reduce or delay cognitive impairment such as one might find in Alzheimers patients, which is false.   So while there may be some benefits to brain training, dont expect miraculous results. Earlier studies have found no link between increased intelligence and brain training exercises.   Study Looks at the Impact of Test Prep on Intelligence Students today take a wide variety of standardized tests, from assessments throughout elementary school to evaluations required for college admission. While test prep for such assessments can increase factual knowledge, one study suggests that this prep does little to increase overall IQ. Why? While test preparation increases what psychologists refer to as crystallized intelligence, it does not increase what is known as fluid intelligence. Crystallized intelligence includes facts and information, while fluid intelligence  involves the ability to think abstractly or logically. In a study published in the journal Psychological Science, researchers looked at the IQ scores and test scores of approximately 1,400 eighth-grade students. While schoolwork helped increase the students test scores, it had no effect on measures of fluid intelligence. The authors suggest that fluid intelligence is a much better indicator of abilities such as problem-solving ability, abstract thinking skills, memory capacity, and processing speed. While the study found no indication that test preparation improved IQ, that does not mean that this preparation has no value. Research clearly shows that having high scores on standardized tests is linked to having high scores on other important tests including Advanced Placement tests, the SAT, and the ACT. Crystallized knowledge is also important for many areas of life, both in school and later on in the workforce. For example, factual knowledge is important for doing well in math classes and for later applying that knowledge in the real-world. Study Suggests Brain Training May Not Increase Intelligence In another study published in the Journal of Neuroscience, researchers found that while brain training games did increase performance on specific tasks, they didnt lead to a general improvement in overall intelligence. In the study, 60 participants were tested on their ability to withhold an action. After seeing a go signal indicating either left or right, the participants had to press a key corresponding to the correct direction. In about a quarter of the trials, however, a beep was sounded immediately after the go signal that meant that the participant was not supposed to press any key. Compared to the control group, which received no such beep, the participants in the experimental group showed increased levels of activity in brain areas associated with inhibitory actions. However, the researchers saw no corresponding activity in areas of the brain associated with working memory. According to the researchers, brain training games can result in a temporary increase in the ability to perform a specific task. However, they probably do not have much of an impact on overall intelligence. Is Brain Training Worth It? Given the results of such studies, you might be wondering if brain training has any value. After all, if it doesnt increase intelligence, then what good is it? Be aware of what you are likely to get out of using such tools. Ignore false promises that suggest your IQ will soar and instead focus on increasing your factual knowledge, challenging yourself, and having a bit of fun.

What Is a Goat Song in Greek Tragedy

Classicists have long suggested that tragedy is  derived from the Greek, composed of two words—tragos, or goat, and oidos, or song.  Ã‚   So did some bovidae sing so much that they motivated the Athenians to create depressing tales about mythic heroes? How did goats relate to one of the greatest contributions the Greeks made to the world? Did tragedians just wear goatskin shoes?   Goat Songs There are many theories as to why tragedy was associated with goats. Perhaps this was originally in reference to â€Å"satyr plays,† satirical skits in which actors were dressed as satyrs, goat-like  people who were companions of Dionysus, god of wine, merriment, and theater. Whether the satyrs were part-goat or part-horse has been a subject of long debate, but satyrs were definitely tied to goats through their association with Dionysus and Pan.   So then â€Å"goat-songs† would be the most appropriate way to honor the gods the goatish satyrs hung out with. Interestingly, satyr plays always accompanied a trilogy of tragedies when performed at the Athenian theater fest, the Dionysia, and are indelibly linked to tragedy, as we shall see. Tragedy was performed in honor of Dionysus, with whom the satyrs associated. As  Diodorus Siculus notes in his Library of History, â€Å"Satyrs also, it is reported, were carried about by him in his company and afforded the god great delight and pleasure in connection with their dancings and their goat-songs.† He adds that Dionysus â€Å"introduced places where the spectators could witness the shows and organized musical concert.† Interestingly, tragedy developed out of two Dionysiac traditions: the satyric drama—probably an ancestor of the satyr play—and the dithyramb. Aristotle claims in his Poetics: â€Å"Being a development of the Satyr play, it was quite late before tragedy rose from short plots and comic diction to its full dignity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One Greek term for satyr play was a play on tragedy: tragedy at play. Aristotle adds that tragedy â€Å"came from the prelude to the dithyramb,† a choral hymn to Dionysus. Eventually, from odes to Dionysus, the performances evolved to stories that weren’t related to the god of merriment; Dionysiac stories remained in the performing arts, however, through the creation of the satyr play, as opposed to the satyric drama (i.e., tragedy). Song for the Prize Goat Other scholars, including the late, great Walter Burkert in his Greek Tragedy and Sacrificial Ritual,  have opined that tragoidia meant â€Å"song for the prize goat. That meant the winner of a choral contest would take home a goat as first prize.  Ancient evidence supports this theory; in his Ars Poetica,  the Roman poet Horace mentions â€Å"the man who once competed for a lowly he-goat/With tragic verse, soon stripped the wild  Satyrs/And tried coarse jests without loss of seriousness.†Ã‚   It has been suggested tragedy was derived from  tragodoi, or â€Å"goat singers,† instead of  tragoidia, or â€Å"goat song. That would make sense if a chorus of singers  received  a goat  for a winning play. Why goats?  Goats would’ve been a good prize since they were sacrificed to Dionysus and other gods.   Perhaps the victors would even get a piece of the sacrificial goat meat. You’d be dining like a god. The chorus’s association with goats might’ve gone even further, since they may have dressed up in goatskins, like satyrs.  In that case, what more fitting prize than a goat? Goats and Primal Instincts Perhaps the ancient Greeks understood tragoidia in a more nuanced sense. As classicist Gregory A. Staley theorizes in Seneca and the Idea of Tragedy,   â€Å"[T]ragedy acknowledge[d] that as humans we are like satyrs [†¦] tragic plays explore our animal natures, our ‘filthiness,’ as one medieval commentator called it, our violence and depravity.† By calling this genre a â€Å"goat song,† then tragedy is truly the song of humanity in its most debased state. One medieval scholar gave a creative explanation for the goatish dilemma. Like a goat, tragedy looked good from the front, he says,  but it was disgusting behind. Writing and attending a tragic play might seem cathartic and noble, but it deals with the most primal of emotions.

The Dos and Donts of What Are the Best Research Paper Writing Service

The Do's and Don'ts of What Are the Best Research Paper Writing Service Each service supplies you with different advantages but with our service, you receive all of the advantages that you demand. Such a service is always able to aid to your educational procedure and it can help you to construct your academic career wisely. Indeed, a term paper service is simply like its writers, and that means you want to obtain a high quality services. Affordable so you the exact first support. The business guarantees confidentiality and reasonable refund if needed. To get the best one you have to observe a wide range of services which give you different advantages. Everyone would like to feel safe whilst using a service or an item. Using our services is totally safe. The Nuiances of What Are the Best Research Paper Writing Service Academic writing plays an important function in student's life. The typical student should attend classes, do multiple assignments together with attend to many other academic pursuits that demand their attention and can't be ignored. Stay calm now, because you found the ideal service for worldwide students around the planet. Needless to say, there are lots of academic services on wikipedia, that are ready to compose articles for the students. What Are the Best Research Paper Writing Service Can Be Fun for Everyone The next think to think about is the writing itself. Explain briefly the big points you intend to cover in your paper and w hy readers ought to be interested in your topic. If you get a complicated writing assignment and don't have any idea how to write it, don't panic! While writing a dissertation paper, it's not just important to have the correct info, but you have to place it in the proper order, giving emphasis to the essential things, bringing down the data in a suitable and adhering to the necessary format. If you order from us, you can find a draft of your paper to be certain your writer is heading in the proper direction. Regardless of what source you require, the author will review it and compose an effective argumentative paper depending on the valuable evidence. A fantastic writer is a wonderful reader, always. Life, Death and What Are the Best Research Paper Writing Service If you aren't pleased with the essay, it's your right to request modification or revision. It is essential that you read the assignment carefully. As every application essay, it is usually written in the shape of a narrative, which describes an experience you've had and the lesson you've learned from that amazing experience. Restating the assignment often makes it possible to understand it better and provides you with a point at. Top What Are the Best Research Paper Writing Service Choices You may sometimes start your studying to compose a paper, but you'll soon realize it isn't worth the effort. A re search paper involves surveying a field of knowledge to be able to get the best possible data in that area. It gives you the opportunity to think seriously about some issue. A thriving research paper fulfills the objective of raising readers' knowledge of a certain subject. When you compose a research paper you build upon what you know about the topic and make a deliberate attempt to learn what experts know. Additionally, you must use your major sources. It is crucial to realize that research paper writing may be an extremely intricate task because it's going to always contain original research and writing. Any very good research paper requires a great deal more time than a normal essay or lab report. If you don't understand what things to write about, you are going to have to look for ideas for research paper topics. Explain the objective of your paper and the way you want to approach the topic. After submitting the form you are able to sit tight and await your customized research essay! To begin with, be sure that you're an authority in the topic and aware of the recent literature on this issue you've got in mind. Writing a great research paper may be a daunting task that needs extensive research. Writing a thriving research paper is hard work. Term paper is merely one of the most critical kinds of work you will face. Do not make an effort to make certain you've got to ensure. Now you are ready to generate a very first pass through the paper. What Are the Best Research Paper Writing Service - the Story Assuming your chosen writer is a specialist in the topic you need assistance with, and assuming they're readily available to do the job quickly enough for your favorite deadline, you are going to be paired with your very first selection. Your attitude to the topic may well decide on the amount of work and enthusiasm that you put into your research. Likewise nobody l ikes quick research without comprehensive comprehension of the issue. In truth, it's essential possess great educational writing expertise if you prefer to find yourself be an impressive bit of content. The Start of What Are the Best Research Paper Writing Service Hence, your very best research paper writing service provider must comprehend the worth of research and ought to be in a position to create supreme quality well-researched end product. It's possible to negotiate the writing procedure and the price. If you are searching for a research paper writing service which delivers quality, original work, you've come to the correct spot. If you're going to pay to acquire a custom made research paper, then you require value for money.

Aviation Expansion in the US Free Essays

Aviation enplaments are soaring higher each year and they are deplaning into a system that is already saturated and bulging. The industry must expand and keep pace with this growth but this is being met with fierce opposition. This paper introduces the opposition coalitions and groups that are surmounting. We will write a custom essay sample on Aviation Expansion in the US or any similar topic only for you Order Now It takes an in depth look at their number one concern, aircraft noise, and the effect it has on the health of those in the local airport communities. Several health studies are referenced and statistical information is offered throughout. Noise abatement is addressed and future growth figures are offered. John Q. Public wants to fly. He wants to fly in more numbers now than ever before. Forecasters explain that these numbers show no sign of decreasing in the near future. The only drawback to the industry is that the system is already saturated and bulging. As the demand to fly continues to ‘take-off’, it is bringing with it serious delay, capacity, and environmental concerns. These issues must be addressed and answered before we can expand the aviation infrastructure. Airport planners have several attainable ways to accommodate and alleviate the major concerns to the system, but everyone of them are facing fierce opposition from those that feel they, and their communities, will be adversely affected. New runways, or extensions, have been proposed at 60 of the top 100 airports that lead in the number of annual enplanements. Studies for new airports have been conducted in New York, Boston, Seattle, San Diego, Chicago, and Miami, to name a few (Wells, 1996). For nearly every organization that is steadfast on building or expanding existing airports, there are a growing number of coalitions that oppose their ideas and are ready to challenge them. Most are local groups and communities that are confronting the governmental bodies in their own areas; but there are a number of national groups and even world-wide groups forming. With the availability of the World Wide Web, they are uniting in larger numbers and communicating their concerns with global reach. Pointing your web browser in the direction of any area proposing expansion and you will find numerous local groups and coalitions fighting to dismiss it. One such group is Sane Aviation For Everyone, Inc. (SAFE). This is a coalition of independent citizens groups and individuals in the New York City metropolitan area. SAFE is dedicated to stopping and reversing the environmental and health impacts of JFK, LaGuardia and Newark Airports. Vocal on many of the environmental problems caused by airports, they are extremely upset about a recent decision to bring more aircraft through the airports in their area (SAFE Home Page, 1998). In January ’98, airlines were given exemptions to slot limitations, adding 21 additional daily operations at the airport despite a federally enacted ‘High Density Rule’ that places limits on the number of flights into and out of Kennedy, LaGuardia, and other major airports (Bertrand, 1998). SAFE is currently looking to expand their scope to deal nationally and internationally with the aircraft noise issue. Some groups are set up for a specific cause, like that of the Airport Communities Coalition (ACC) in Seattle, Washington. They are opposing a proposal to add a third runway to the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (Sea-Tac). It was formed in 1993 because thousands of people living there claim that building a third runway would seriously diminish the quality of life in their communities and further pollute their air and water (ACC Home Page, 1998). The Seattle area also host the site of the Regional Commission on Airport Affairs (RCAA). The RCAA is a non-profit coalition of citizen groups and cities. They believe that further expansion of Sea-Tac Airport makes no sense, costs too much, and does too much damage to too many people. They favor demand management of the airport and support alternatives to expansion such as high speed rail. They also are addressing airport noise, air, and water pollution issues. The purpose of their Home Page is to provide citizens in King County, Washington State with the latest information on airport issues but, imperatively, they are providing citizens in airport impacted communities world-wide, with information and communication. They have an impressive supporting library and extensive links to other sites around the country (RCAA Home Page, 1998). One of the largest groups is the US-Citizens Aviation Watch (US-CAW). They are a national organization comprised of local airport groups, environmental organizations, and civic groups. They are concerned about noise, environment, public health and other quality of life issues related to aviation operations. While claiming to be a ‘national’ association, they are linked with established organizations in 26 countries throughout the world. US-CAW’s mission is to unite organizations and municipalities. Coalitions are forming from coast to coast. Their goal is to represent the interest of individual citizens (US-CAW Home Page, 1998). The focus of these coalitions is not limited to just opposing new airports or expansion issues. In areas where our military forces are drawing down, a viable option to building a new airport would be to convert a closing military airfield. Local residents have even put up resistance in this endeavor. One example is the growing concern over converting the closed El Toro Marine Corps Air Station in Orange County, California. The residents there have put up an impressive opposition Internet site to keep everyone informed on the issues. This Internet access affords the on-line populous, growing by millions each year, to be a key stroke away from getting involved. Their business and homeowner associations of the El Toro Coalition (ETC) favor non-aviation reuses for the field because there are at least eight airports with medium and long haul capability (five of which are international) within a 100 mile radius of El Toro (ETC Home Page, 1998). Another example is where the Department of Defense (DOD) is considering transferring what was once Homestead Air Reserve Base to Dade County, FL. County officials plan to develop an international â€Å"hub† airport serving South Florida and competing directly with Miami International Airport. In response to the proposed airport development project, a coalition of the country’s top environmental advocacy organizations successfully mobilized in an effort to persuade the White House to save Everglades National Park and other unique ecological treasures in the area (Natural Resources Defense Council, 1998). The project is now on hold. It doesn’t mater where, why, or who is opposing expanding aviation infrastructure, the issues are the same across their tally sheets. You don’t have to be an environmental expert to understand there is an impact from aviation on a community. Air and water pollution, the impact on land values, health, and quality of life are all major issues. The most apparent environmental issue is that of noise and it appears to rank as the number one concern from opposition groups. No matter how well an airport serves its community, one of the most common complaints is the noise it produces. It has been the greatest barrier to building a new airport or its expansion (Wells, 1996). Opposition groups contend that airport noise is not just a minor annoyance that people living near airports should be ‘good sports’ about and learn to ignore. Outside of the fact that it is a shear nuisance, aircraft noise may be posing more of a health problem than it suggest. In a study by the Health Subcommittee of the Environmental Impact Committee of the Regional Coalition on Airport Affairs, Dr. Dennis Hansen reported that airport noise results in a significant increase in community use of tranquilizers and sleeping pills. Airport communities have an increased rate of alcoholism, and admissions to psychiatric hospitals. He states airport related noise can literally drive people mad, has been positively associated with the development of hypertension, high cholesterol, and high blood sugar, all of which place people at increased risk of heart disease and stroke (Hansen, 1992). Another study has been linked to aircraft noise and sleep depravation. It has been argued that suburban residents desire a noise level no higher than 30 decibels (dB) at night when they sleep. The maximum noise level from an aircraft taking off would be approximately 90 dB. A noise level of 90 dB is roughly equivalent to that of a power mower outdoors. At least 75 percent of sleeping people will be awakened if exposed to noise levels over 74 dB. More importantly, over 50 percent of people will not be able to go to sleep if exposed to noise levels higher than 74 dB. The resulting sleep deprivation would potentially affect over 100,000 to 700,000 people living in the communities surrounding a commercial airport (Walther, 1997). Chronic noise is also having a devastating effect on the academic performance of children in noisy homes and schools. Cornell University researchers have confirmed that children in schools bombarded by frequent aircraft noise don’t learn to read as well as children in quiet schools. The one major reason they have discovered is that the kids tune out speech in the racket (Science Daily, 1998). Speech and communication are affected when noise levels exceed 60 decibels. Excessively noisy schools have been shown to adversely affect the ability to solve simple problems as well as to learn mathematics and reading (Lang, 1997). The Airport and Airways Development Act of 1970 established a requirement that airport sponsors must afford the opportunity for public hearings for projects involving the location of an airport, a new runway or extension (Wells, 1996). This Act legally affords opposition groups the opportunity to voice their concerns and be represented in the proper forum. Implementation of operational airport noise abatement strategies is the airport’s responsibility. The DOD took an early lead in working toward airport compatibility in 1973 with policies concerning public and private land in the vicinity of military airfields. The military’s Air Installation Compatible Land Use Zones program evolved into the government’s program for Noise Control And Compatibility Planning For Airports (AC 150/5020-1), or what have become commonly known as ‘FAR Part 150 Studies.’ (Gesell, 1992) These Noise and Land Use Compatibility Studies consider and evaluate programs to reduce the impact of airport noise on communities. Through fiscal year 1998, there are currently 235 airports participating in the program, 217 airports have received Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grants for Part 150 studies, and 193 have been approved for Noise Compatibility Programs (FAA, 1998). Aircraft noise is also being reduced through technological advances and procedural techniques. Engineers have designed quieter engines and made airframe modifications, but opposition groups feel a lot more needs to be done. Aircraft designers feel they are at a point where any further advances will be technically difficult, very costly, and degrade aircraft performance (Wells, 1996). With the growth of aviation at its current rate, numbers of flights are going to increase. This can only mean more noise, even if it is a little quieter. Deregulation of the airline industry has changed the way companies do business. The turning point was the Airline Deregulation Act, approved by Congress on Oct. 24, 1978 and signed into law by President Carter. Many of the benefits are positive, for instance lower fares and more choices. This has created a massive impact and dramatic increase in the number of passengers throughout the system. Domestic and international air travel have grown by staggering proportions over the last several decades, and that growth is expected to continue. Citing President Clinton’s policies and the third longest economic expansion since World War II, Secretary of Transportation, Rodney E. Slater, announced that U.S. airlines have recorded a third straight year of strong growth; an encouraging sign that a continued upward trend is expected into the 21st Century. That announcement came on the heels of the release of the FAA’s commercial aviation forecast, which revealed that an unprecedented 605 million people flew on the nation’s air carriers in 1996 with enplanements expected to grow to nearly one billion by 2008 (Slater, 1997). Technological advances, developments in commerce and marketing and continuing changes in the airline industry are likely to fuel this growth. However, this projected growth will be impossible unless we adequately invest in the infrastructure to support it. The national airport system is the heart of that infrastructure. Failure to invest in needed capacity-enhancing projects, such as additional runways, runway extensions or new airport construction would severely hamper the growth of the industry and ultimately undermine the ability of our nation to compete in the global economy. Noise pollution affects millions of Americans, but citizens disturbed by aircraft noise constitute one of the most vocal groups speaking out against noise. Opposition groups like the Regional Commission on Airport Affairs and the US-Citizens Aviation Watch are growing in strength and have the potential of global reach through the World Wide Web. Airport noise can seriously affect the health and psychological well-being of those effected, especially when continued exposure is present. It has been the greatest barrier to building a new airport or its expansion. The government is not standing idly by. Many programs such as the Noise and Land Use Compatibility Studies have been put into action and are making funds available to help alleviate the problems in communities hardest hit. Aviation enplanements are growing. Forecasters are predicting that traffic shows no sign of decreasing well into the new century. This projected growth will be impossible unless we adequately invest in the infrastructure to support it. How to cite Aviation Expansion in the US, Essay examples

Measures of Disease Frequency

According to Aschengrau and Seage (2008), measures of disease frequency are the â€Å"building blocks† employed by epidemiologists to evaluate effects of a disease on humans (2008, p.59).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Measures of Disease Frequency specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When measures of disease frequency are compared, they consolidate building blocks in a constructive manner and permits one to define the correlation between characteristics and a disorder. It is possible to compare disease frequencies between diverse populations. For instance, an epidemiologist may aspire to compare disease frequencies between inhabitants of the United States and Haiti in terms of demographic attributes such as gender, age, race and socio-economic aspects. Other demographic attributes that can be compared are personal habits (i.e. cigarette smoking or alcohol consumption) and environmental aspects (i.e. water an d air pollution). What’s more, an epidemiologist may opt to compare prevalence rates of coronary heart ailment between inhabitants of the US and Haiti or amongst smokers and nonsmokers, whites and blacks, men and women, and in areas prevalent with low and high pollution levels (Aschengrau Seage, 2008, p.60). There are several reasons to explain why the crude birth rate in Haiti is lower than in the United States. First of all, the United States is more populated than Haiti. Secondly, the population proportion of elderly persons in the US is higher than in Haiti. Therefore, the higher proportion of elderly persons in the US explains why the country has a higher crude mortality rate than Haiti.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the per capita income in the US is significantly higher than in Haiti. Consequently, many US citizens spent their earnings on promiscuo us lifestyle activities such as smoking, alcohol drinking and drug abuse which increase disease frequency (Xu et al., 2009, p.5). Improvements in diagnostic criteria can significantly reduce the prevalence of an existing health condition. The critical rationale for diagnostic criteria is that it facilitates the establishment of the threshold for diagnosis of an ailment in those circumstances where the symptoms of the disease manifest themselves. However, there are several diagnoses where the symptom criteria demand the existence of impairment with respect to level of functioning that are plainly deemed as clinically significant. Numerous DSM categories exist for which the symptom criteria infer substantial suffering. One might assume that in such incidences, the clinical significance criterion is irrelevant since the distress condition has been fulfilled. Nonetheless, this is not the case since the requirement for diagnostic criterion (that the ailment be clinically considerable) ma y raise the threshold for diagnosis thereby disregarding some false positive (Spitzer Wakefield, 1999, p. 1860). There is no doubt that a shorter duration of a health condition reduces the prevalence of a health condition. For instance, the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is used to compare the significance of health interventions among diverse health outcomes among various ages.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Measures of Disease Frequency specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, when DALY increases (as a result of health intervention), the prevalence of a health condition reduces. Similarly, a decrease in the incidence of a disease reduces the prevalence of a health condition since diagnostic and preventive measures are already in place to deter the recurrence of the health condition (Musgrove Fox-Rushby, 2008, p.2). Finally, the loss of healthy people from the population for other reasons neither increas es nor decreases the prevalent of a health condition since their deaths are not caused by the existing health condition. References Aschengrau, A., Seage, GR. (2008). Essentials of Epidemiology in Public Health. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Musgrove, P Fox-Rushby, J. (2008). Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Priority Settings. New York: Oxford University Press. Spritzer, R. Wakefield, J. (1999). DSM-IV Diagnostic Criterion for Clinical Significance: Does it Help Solve the False Positive Problem? Am J Psychiatry, 156, 1856-1864. Xu, J., Kochanek, KD. Tejada-Vera, B. (2009). Preliminary Data for 2007. National Vital Statistics Reports, 58(1), 1-51.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Measures of Disease Frequency was written and submitted by user Bobby B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.