Biomedical Model of Health

Biomedical Model of Health Name: Erica Rogers-Compton Per the World Health Organisation 1948 constitution, Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing with not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. In the middle of the nineteenth century, biomedicine was considered to be an essential model, it was used by the healthcare practitioners, in order to identify disease (Lupton, 2012). The biomedical model of health focused on how the human body works and how infection can be controlled, or cured by means of medical intervention. It provided the support on which the establishment of healthcare system is founded within societies; there have however been numerous uncertainties related to its impact on the common health pattern, as most of the health determinants are more environmental and social. The World Health Organisation (WHO), term biomedical model of health emphasises completely on biological determinants and eliminates all environmental, psychological and social influences. Moreover, Deacon (2013) has claime d that, since the last two centuries, biomedical model of health is viewed as a reductionist approach in the Western countries. In this method, illness is supposed to be caused by infections or injury and there is neglect to the socio-economic, psychological and environmental influences. In the course of the most recent two centuries the biomedical model has been enormously tested by researchers in the medicinal and sociological field. This feedback was realised by the intense increment in the therapeutic costs. Mettler (2016) conducted in which he discussed that the viability of the medicinal model has been over accentuated. He additionally contended that the lessening in the demise rate, which occurred a few years back inside the created world was impacted by great dietary pattern and appropriate cleanliness than it was with inoculation (vaccinations), and other social insurance intercession. This view was supported through the re-evaluation of the spending operating cost and money on medicinal services framework, which prompted only wastage. Moreover, Darlow, et al. (2012), has also mentioned that rather than medication giving a healing help to the masses, it added more to their issue by presenting what is called Iatrogenesis which signifies Specialist created ill ness, for illustration, the result impact of utilising medication and some destructive impact of surgery. It is faulted the medicinal services suppliers and the pharmaceutical organizations of creating the social Iatrogenesis. This brought into spotlight utilization of human services item which was brought on by increment wellbeing need. He likewise affirmed that the arrangement of medicalisation additionally achieved what we call social iatrogenesis, which implies that the healthcare organization has taken individuals off the capacity to adapt the illness and pain. Additionally, Rotheram-Borus, et al. (2012), has claimed that person ought to attempt to maintain a strategic distance from the control of medication over their lives. He guaranteed that the restraining infrastructure of solution over cure ought to be halted, so individuals can settle on choice on their lifestyle. Critically; The biomedical model of illness received by society can have vital outcomes. In the primary world war, for instance, officers griping of side effects in the wake of encountering serious issues were once in a while shot as malingerers (pretending to be sick), however today they are considered casualties and qualified for money related settlements or Social acknowledgment that a conducted or reported manifestation constitutes a sickness offers benefits on an individual and formal obligations on society. Presently, most models of illness accept a causal connection amongst illness and disease, the apparent state of weakness felt by a person. Social wellbeing convictions and models of sickness decide the apparent significance of side effects and the ensuing utilisation of therapeutic resources. The thought that a particular disease underlies overall illness has prompted medicalisation of regularly experienced atypical sensations and frequently doubt of patients who represent with illness without any verifiable process of disease. In spite of their significance, biomedical models of health are once in a while expressly discussed about or characterised. The regularly disapproval however incidentally overwhelming twentieth century biomedical models begin from Virchows decision that all ailment comes about because of abnormalities of cells of a human body. The biomedical model distinctly significant for some infection based diseases, has instinctive advances, and is supported by an abundance of underneath natural and scientific findings. By grasping reductionism, in any case, biomedical models of ailment consolidate a few firmly related arrangements of principles. These can be outlined as: All sickness, indications and signs emerge from a basic irregularity inside the body (generally in the working or structure of particular organs), alluded to as an infection or disease, all infections offer ascent to indications, finally if not primarily, and even though different elements may impact the outcomes of the illness , they are not identified with its manifestations or developments, wellbeing is the nonappearance of illness or disease, mental experience, for example, emotional delusions and depression, are separate from and associated to the other types of disturbances of functions within the human body, the patient is a casualty of situation with practically no liability regarding the nearness or reason for the illness, and the patient is an inactive receiver of treatment, in spite of the fact that collaboration with treatment is normal. A wide range of models of disease exist, starting in professions, specialties, and elsewhere. The social model essentially concentrates on the causation of incapacity by society instead of the entire range of illness. The bio-psychosocial model is maybe the most popular. Over 400 Medline titles incorporate the word, and it is progressively utilised as a part of numerous zones of medicine. As compare to the biomedical model, it perceives that mental and social components impact a patients discernments and activities and thusly the experience of what it feels like to be ill.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ In Britain, Carrier (2015) reported that, it was evaluated that around 10% of individuals hospitalised experience some sort of iatrogenisis, which is equal to about 850.000 event for each year. Wellbeing is said to be exceedingly medicalised in this model which prompted a general perspective of individuals (Carrier, 2015). Ogden (2012), reported this reality about restorative locale by referring to a case of labor. This was detracted from ladies by the establishment of drug by guaranteeing that by the 1970s all youngster conveyance occurred in the healing facility. This activity made pregnant ladies to be taken care of like a wiped out individual. In this regard an ordinary educational affair was transformed into a restorative issue, which requires the help of the medicinal group (Ogden, 2012). The model concentrates for the most part on the mending procedure which is off guard to anticipation and wellbeing advancement mind nearer to the people. Travis, (2014) expressed that biomedicine has declined to recognise the way that the human body is connected with the social environment. Besides, it also has emphasised that the biomedical model ignored the nearness of the social disparities in wellbeing. He likewise contended that for successful treatment, the general population experience about illness and health must be recognised. As indicated by the viewpoint of biomedical health of model it has been contended that doctors support the rate of production of the general public by clarifying wellbeing as the possibility to work, he additionally dispersed that working is superior to joblessness (Travis 2014) It was underlined that the healthcare professionals are faulted of medicalisation in the event that they consider the societal impact of patient and on the off chance that they disregard, the claim still holds. The bias of gender inside the biomedical space was unmistakably underlined from the contention viewpoint. It was referred to by Nettleton from the womens activist perspective that sexist belief systems of the therapeutic calling present ladies as a peon (unskilled), contrasted with the men folks. For case, it was connected that the continuous female visits to the healing facility and centres contrasted with their male partner is a result of the way their body is intended for childbearing, furthermore for the nurture other relatives. Gabrielsen (2014) expressed that there are numerous routes in which the womens activist censure how the therapeutic professionals cooperate with patient. She emphasized that a large portion of the female issues from the restorative perspective should be addressed. She bolstered are proof by referring to a case of menstrual torment among ladies. She said that some female overstretches the seriousness of the torment, while most overlooks it. She additionally specified that the therapeutic specialists considers male as top of the line resident in the ways they interface with them contrasted with their female people. Gendered nature of force in biomedical research and clinical practice was connected in the US Public Health Service Task Force (Miller, et al., 2013). This was composed in 1985 on issue of health of females. It was expressed in it that there was disregard in the way females wellbeing was being taken care of. They contended that the biomedical research laid more accentuation on illnesses that can bring about high danger of mortality in men contrasted with the ladies regardless of that the sicknesses were not sex-particular example breast Cancer. Similarly, it has been supported to this reality by tolerating that male sexual orientation still stands as a measure to assess the status of wellbeing of both genders, notwithstanding the commotion to expand individuals learning about ladies wellbeing. Gabrielsen (2014), reported that a social arrangement was proclaimed by the Federal Food and Drug Administration in 1993.This was achieved to put a stop to the unending utilization of ladies as research creatures and to diminish the issue that could happen if hatchling is presented to look into. Females wellbeing was imperilled through premature birth realised by the biomedical model. This view was supported through relating that the healthcare professionals help the male by urging the female to experience tuba ligation which is a type of family arranging that make females permanently sterile. This activity supports the male, yet negative to the female always due to powerlessness to get pregnant. This demonstrates the men has truly overwhelmed the world and couldnt care less about the females prosperity. The radical womens activist referred to acknowledged that the western pharmaceutical has given men an excessive amount of chance contrasted with the ladies. This has permitted men to assume control over the ladies bodies. It was proposed that this procedure can be controlled by guaranteeing that ladies specialists treat the wiped out ladies inside the general public that is antiracist, hostile to exist, and against heterosexist. This thought was likewise contended from anoth er perspective by the reformist that the wellbeing framework should be changed from inside. This is to guarantee that female specialists are additionally utilized in more noteworthy number furthermore implementing responsibility by the restorative experts. It has been concluded that the biomedical model of health offers a method for adjusting clinical strategies in biomedical practice to culturally diverse care and study. Every progression of the critical thinking process has parallel exercises in customary and family frameworks of care. At every progression, discrepant desires, rehearses, family capacity, and correspondence style highlight territories of potential worry in clinical critical thinking. Critical thinking crosswise over social limit regularly includes looking for assistance from individuals from the group, from the sociologic, humanities, and from anthropologists. Whats more, patients turn into an important wellspring of data and, when wiped out, regularly uncover issues that may somehow or another never be revealed. Bibliography Haralambos, M. and Holborn, M. (2013) Haralambos Holborn sociology: Themes and perspectives. 8th edn. London, United Kingdom: Collins Educational. al, et, Moore, S. and etc, et al (2001) Sociology for AS level. London: Collins Educational. Giddens, A. and Griffiths, S. (2006) Sociology. 5th edn. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. References Carrier, J. (2015). Managing long-term conditions and chronic illness in primary care: A guide to good practice. . Routledge. Darlow, B., Fullen, B. M., Dean, S., Hurley, D. A., Baxter, G. D., Dowell, A. (2012). The association between health care professional attitudes and beliefs and the attitudes and beliefs, clinical management, and outcomes of patients with low back pain:. European Journal of Pain, 16(1) , 3-17. Deacon, B. J. (2013). The biomedical model of mental disorder: A critical analysis of its validity, utility, and effects on psychotherapy research. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(7) , 846-861. Gabrielsen, L. (2014). Bias at the Gate? The Pharmaceutical Industrys Influence on the Federally Approved Drug Compendia. American journal of law medicine, 40(1), 141-163. Lupton, D. (2012). Medicine as culture: Illness, disease and the body. . Sage. Mettler, T. (2016). Anticipating mismatches of HIT investments: Developing a viability-fit model for e-health services. International journal of medical informatics, 85(1) , 104-115. Miller, V. M., Rice, M., Schiebinger, L., Jenkins, M. R., Werbinski, J., Nà ºÃƒ ±ez, A., et al. (2013). Embedding concepts of sex and gender health differences into medical curricula. . Journal of Womens Health, 22(3) , 194-202. Biomedical model of health Biomedical model of health THE SOCIOLOGICAL CRITIQUE OF THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF HEALTH AND HOW IT AFFECTS WOMENS HEALTH Biomedicine has been around since the middle of the nineteenth century as the major model used by health practitioners to detect diseases (Nettleton, 1995).This biomedical model of health have centred on how the human body functions and how diseases can be stopped, or healed through medical intervention(Taylor and field 2003). This model continues to be the bedrock in which foundation of health care system is based in the western societies, but there has being a lot of queries concerning its influence on the general pattern of health, since majority of health determinant are social and environmental. Arkinson (1988 p.180)claimed that the biomedical model, which as taken over the formal health care system in the West since the last two centuries view health along the reductionist approach. In this approach illness is said to be caused by injury or infections and there is neglect to the psychological, socio-economic and environmental influences (Taylor and field 2003). Over the last two centuries the biomedical model has being greatly challenged by scholars in the medical (Engel, 1981) and sociological field. This criticism was brought about by the drastic increase in the medical expenses. Engel (1981) stated that the effectiveness of the medical model has been over emphasized. Mc Keown (1976) also argued that the reduction in the death rate which happened some years back within the developed world was influenced by good eating habit and proper hygiene than it was with immunisation, and other health care intervention. This view was supported by Powles (1973) by re-emphasizing that spending money on health care system had led to nothing but wastage. Illich (1990) also argued that instead of medicine providing a curative assistance to the populace, it added more to their problem by introducing what is called iatrogenesis which means Doctor-caused illness,for example, the aftermath effect of using drug and some harmful effect of surgery. Illich(1990) blamed the health care providers and the pharmaceutical companies of inventing the social iatrogenesis .This brought into limelight consumption of health care product which was caused by increase health need. He also testified that the system of medicalisation also brought about what we call cultural iatrogenesis, which means that the medical industry has robbed people off the ability to cope with pains and illness .Illich (1990) argued that human being should try to avoid the control of medicine over their lives. He claimed that the monopoly of medicine over cure should be stopped, so that people can make decision on their way of life. Stryer and Clancy (2005) reported that in Britain it was estimated that around 10% of people hospitalised undergo some kind of iatrogenisis, which is equivalent to roughly 850.000 occurrence per year. Health is said to be highly medicalised in this model which led to a general view of human beings (Illich, 1976).Oakley, 1976 and Donnison, 1977 reported this fact about medical jurisdiction by citing an example of childbirth. This was taken away from women by the institute of medicine by ensuring that by the 1970s all child delivery took place in the hospital (Tew, i990).This action made pregnant women to be handled like a sick person. In this respect a normal life experience was turned into a medical problem, which requires the assistance of the medical team (Martin, 1989). The model focuses mainly on the healing process which is at a disadvantage to prevention and health promotion care closer to the populace (Taylor and field 2003). Engel (1981) stated that biomedicine has refused to acknowledge the fact that the human body is linked with the social environment. Nettleton (1995) reiterated that the biomedical model neglected the presence of the social inequalities in health. He also argued that for effective treatment, the lay people experience about health and illness must be acknowledged. According to the perspective of Marxists, he argued that doctors encourage the production rate of the society by explaining health as the potential to work, he also disseminated that working is better than idleness(Waitzkin, 1989).It was emphasized that the health professionals are blamed of medicalisation if they consider the societal influence of patient and if they ignore, the accusation still holds (Nettleton, 1995). The gender bias within the biomedical domain was clearly emphasized from the conflict perspective (Nettleton,1995).It was cited by Nettleton from the feminist point of view that sexist ideologies of the medical profession present women as a second class citizen, compared to the men folks(Scully and Bart,1978;Martin,1989).For example, it was related by (Nettleton,1995)that the frequent female visit to the hospital and clinics compared to their male counterpart is because of the way their body is designed for childbearing and also for the care they provide for other family members. Foster (1989) stated that there are many ways in which the feminist criticize how the medical practitioners interact with patient. She reiterated that most of the female problems from the medical point of view need to be questioned. She supported are evidence by citing an example of menstrual pain among women. She said that some female overstretch the severity of the pain, while most ignores it(Foster,1989 p.339).She also mentioned that the medical practitioners considers male as first class citizen in the ways they interact with them compared to their female folks. Gendered nature of power in biomedical research and clinical practice was related in the US Public Health Service Task Force (Patricia and Chiloe 1999).This was written in 1985 on womens health issue. It was stated in it that there was neglect in the way womens health was being handled .They argued that the biomedical research laid more emphasis on diseases that can cause high risk of mortality in men compared to the women despite that the diseases were not sex-specific like breast cancer. Robert (1990, 1992) also supported this fact by accepting that male gender still stands as a measure to evaluate the status of health of both sexes, despite the clamour to broaden peoples knowledge about womens health. Patricia and Chiloe (1999) reported that a social policy was promulgated by the Federal Food and Drug Administration in 1993.This was brought about to put a stop to the incessant use of women as research animals and to decrease the problem that could occur if foetus is exposed to res earch. Womens health was endangered through abortion brought about by the biomedical model. This view was supported by Foster (1989)by relating that the doctors assist the male by encouraging the female to undergo tuba ligation which is a form of family planning that make women sterile forever. This action favours the male, but detrimental to the female forever because of inability to get pregnant. This shows that the men has really dominated the world and do not care about the well being of women. The radical feminist cited by Nettleton (1995) accepted that the western medicine have given men too much opportunity compared to the women. This has allowed men to take over the womens bodies. It was suggested that this process can be controlled by ensuring that women doctors treat the sick women within the society that is antiracist, anti-sexist, and anti-heterosexist (Williams,1989;Abbott and Wallance,1990).This idea was also argued from another point of view by the reformist that the health s ystem need to be changed from within .This is to ensure that female doctors are also employed in greater number and also enforcing accountability by the medical practitioners.

Leadership Learning Journal Essay

As I reflect upon the readings of our text book and the leadership self-assessments I have learned a great deal about myself in regards to leadership. I have a lot of leadership experience but there are some areas I need to work on and improve. I’m not as resilient as I thought I was because one of the outcomes of the tests was that like most people I cope well with some type of adversity, but not others. Naturally I don’t agree with that outcome because I feel I handle almost everything but as I dig deeper into it and keep an open mind I can kind of see that. According to DuBrin (2010) most of my leaders have been transformational leaders based on the definition and the self-assessment results (p. 77). I’m a participative leader, with average situational perspective, have a high quality leader-member exchange, and works well by myself but also works well with others. Another trait that I learned I need to work on is I’m only average when it comes to the knowledge and skill to motivate others whereas I thought I excelled and continually motivated others. While reading the chapters we have so far and the various discussion boards I have learned that there are many ways to be an outstanding leader and that there isn’t really one style that works for everyone and all of the time. As a leader you have to consider the people your leading and what their abilities are when choosing the best style because a style that might have worked at your last company might not work at your next one. One of the biggest eye openers so far was when we had the discussion assignment on path-goal theory. I thought that there was no way that method would work. Boy was I dead wrong because when it was stated by Vandegrift & Matusitz (2011) that they conducted an analysis that applied the principles of path-goal theory to a renowned music recording company, Columbia Records and that this theory was used by them and was credited to their success I knew then that I had to stay open to any and all theory’s (p. 350). I don’t typically like to read other then article on sports but so far this course has been very informative and will help me in the future to hone my leadership skills.

The Deaths of the First Triumvirate

Hark, the Herald Angels Sing in Spanish

Hark, the Herald Angels Sing is one of the hundreds of hymns written by Englishman Charles Wesley  in the 19th century. This song has been modified over the many years since; although it is not especially well-known in Spanish-speaking areas, it has been translated to the language in several ways. Here is one set of Spanish lyrics for two of the verses, followed by translation notes for Spanish students: Escuchad el son triunfal Escuchad el son triunfal de la hueste celestial:Paz y buena voluntad; salvacià ³n Dios os darà ¡.Cante hoy toda nacià ³n la angelical cancià ³n;estas nuevas todos den: Nacià ³ Cristo en Belà ©n.  ¡Salve, Prà ­ncipe de Paz! Redencià ³n traà ­do has,luz y vida con virtud, en tus alas la salud.De tu trono has bajado y la muerte conquistadopara dar al ser mortal nacimiento celestial. English Translation of the Spanish Lyrics Listen to the triumphal sound of the celestial host:Peace and good will; God will give us salvation.Each nation, sing today the angelical song;Give this good news: Christ was born in Bethlehem. Hail, Prince of Peace! Redemption you have broughtLight and life with virtue, health in your wings.You have come down from your throne and conquered deathit order to give celestial birth to the mortal being. Translation Notes escuchad: If youve studied only Latin American Spanish, you may not know this verb form well. Its the second-person plural familiar imperative (command) form of escuchar, the form that goes with vosotros. This word, then, means you (plural) listen or simply listen. This verb form is used primarily in Spanish but remains understood in Latin America. el son: This isnt related to son the verb, but is a word meaning sound. In everyday speech, youre far more likely to heard the word sonido. de: De is one of the most common of Spanish prepositions. It is almost always translated as of or from; either translation would work here, while from is the preferred translation in the seventh line. la hueste: This uncommon word has the same meaning as the English cognate host in the context of this song. In plural form, the word gets some modern use with las huestes as a way of saying the army forces. buena voluntad: Literally good will. os darà ¡: Os is an object pronoun meaning you (plural) that youll hear mostly in Spain. So salvacià ³n Dios os darà ¡ means God will give you salvation. In everyday speech, la salvacià ³n would be said, with la being a definite article. Several other definite articles are omitted throughout this song; it is common in poetry to fudge grammar rules to maintain rhythm. cante: Cante here is a subjunctive form of cantar, to sing. Cante hoy cada nacià ³n could be translated as may each nation sing. toda: Toda is the feminine singular form of todo. In singular form, todo typically is the equivalent of each; as plural, it usually means all. estas nuevas: Although not as common as noticias, nuevas is one way of saying news, so estas nuevas would be this news. den: This is a plural command or plural present subjunctive form of dar, to give. estas nuevas todos den: This sentence uses an inverted word order, which is fairly common in song lyrics and poetry. This sentence could be translated as may all give the good news. Belà ©n: The Spanish name for Bethlehem. It is not uncommon for cities, especially those known centuries ago, to have different names in different languages. In modern Spanish, belà ©n has come to refer to a nativity scene or creche. salve: In this song, salve is an interjection of greeting, meaning something like Hail! in English. In other contexts, a salve can be a hymn or a Hail Mary. Redencià ³n traà ­do has: Another case of inverted word order. The typical structure would be Has traà ­do redencià ³n, you have brought redemption. Note that this verse is sung to the Savior rather than about the Savior as in the English version of the hymn. ala: An ala is a wing, as of a bird. This is a metaphorical usage here; en tus alas la salud could very loosely be translated as with healing on your wings. trono: Throne. has bajado: You have come down. Bajado here is an example of a past participle. la muerte conquistado: Another inverted word order. In normal speech, has conquistado la muerte would be more common for you have conquered death. Conquistado here is also a past participle. para: Para is a common preposition that is sometimes used to indicate the purpose or utility of a thing or action. As such, it sometimes is translated as in order to.   ser: Here, ser is functioning as a noun meaning being rather than a verb meaning to be; ser humano is the common way of saying human being. In Spanish, most infinitives can function as nouns. nacimiento: Birth. Nacimiento is a noun form of nacer, to be born.

Anabolic Steroids in Major League Baseball Essay - 1824 Words

Major League Baseball’s (MLB) commissioners are debating about the anabolic steroids situation that is occurring in professional baseball today. To many professionals are getting accused of using the harmful drug. Professional baseball players are getting tested twice a year for anabolic substances throughout the course of the regular season. In order to stop steroids in MLB, commissioners should pass random drug testing. Tony Larussa stated, â€Å"By having random drug tests, it would make the game of baseball true once again.† Steroids are ruining the game of baseball, and the commissioners need to decide on something soon. By having random drug tests in Major League Baseball throughout the season, it would fix the problems that baseball is†¦show more content†¦Steroids can also cause hair loss, formation of â€Å"Mini breasts† and penile shrinking and low to no sperm production. Steroids can also cause heart disease, pain while urinating, HIV/aids fro m sharing needles, and cancer. Withdraw symptoms also start up after taking â€Å"roids†. Illness, dizziness, vision problems, anxiety, and depression are just some of the problems that can happen to the body and mind. Steroids not only affect the body but also the mind too. It is proven that when an athlete takes steroids they tend to be more of an aggressive person in society’s eyes. The advantage of having an aggressive behavior is that the abuser is more focused and trains more intensely. The bad part about taking steroids is that the person becomes easily irritated and impatient. Even after an athlete stops using steroids they seem to develop depression because they experience withdraw symptoms. It is against federal law to use steroids without a prescription. Professional athletes usually do not think about how much trouble steroids can give them. In 1990, President George W. Bush signed a bill to put steroids in the category of methamphetamines, opium and morphi ne. If someone would get caught using steroids they could be punished up to one year in prison, a twenty thousand dollar fine, and a year of drug classes (New Law†¦). It seems that players are getting bigger, faster, and stronger every season. Athletes mainly take steroids because they see results faster thanShow MoreRelatedAnabolic Steroids are Ruining Major League Baseball Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesMajor League Baseball (MLB) has widely been regarded as America’s pastime for the longest time, however it is now becoming known as the sport tainted by one thing, anabolic steroids. An anabolic steroid is related to the natural steroid, testosterone. They are able to stimulate growth in the muscle tissue. They usually increase muscle mass and strength. The MLB has created some of the most historic American icons, such as Babe Ruth and Ted Williams. 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Materialismin in A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry Free Essays

Money is like a double ended sword, as it makes life easier on one hand while at the same time most of the problems in many families all revolve around money. Raisin in the sun play was written by Hansberry which the center of all the issues they are facing hence the central motif in the story. The Younger family made up of five is living in a house fit for three as they try to gain middle-class acceptance in the community as they are a lower-class black family. We will write a custom essay sample on Materialismin in A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry or any similar topic only for you Order Now A $10,000 check is to arrive through the mail as insurance check Big Walter worked hard to attain and each family member has different opinions on how the check should be spent. Lena, Ruth, and Beneatha imagine money as a path towards their road out of poverty, but Walter sees money as the only way out of their current life to a better one. He has big dreams and fantasies of how the funds will heighten his social standing as well as acquire items which he currently can’t afford due to his low paying job as a chauffeur. In the begging of the play Walter hurriedly rushes in and asks â€Å"Did it come?† To which his mother replies â€Å"Can’t you give people a Christian greeting before you start asking about money?† This clearly shows that Walter does not care about anything else apart from the check they are about to receive. In act 1 scene two Lena argues with Walter whether money has become life this day as there used to be a time when people did consider freedom as life. Walter gets back to her saying that all along it has always been about money it’s just that people did not know about it. Walter tries to show the reader that money is the center of everything, having it one can be able to attain any social class they desire. However, this is not true as money is not always a guarantee happiness and success in life. There are many other things which money can never be able to buy them. Lena has always wanted a bigger house with a backyard and with the arrival of the check comes the chance for her to get her family a better house. This is seen as a way of climbing up the social class in the society. Even though Walter is not happy about the decision of buying the house let alone the neighborhood they will have to have into is a white only. He accuses his mother of killing his dream of opening a liquor store yet she is the one talking about dreaming big. However, Lena always has her son in mind and is willing to give him a chance as she hands him the remaining amount for him to pay Beneatha’s tuition fees and save the rest. Having big dreams and plans is always a way of life but when the limits of how big the goals should be are exceeded then a problem may arise within an individual especially if not given a chance to achieve those dreams. Lena is well aware of this as she advises her son that it is not worth holding onto anything be it money or ideas if in the end, it is going to destroy you. Chasing after money alone will make one lose out on many other essential aspects of life. With the hopes of opening a liquor store drowning after Bobo tells Walter that their alleged friend has swindled them, and the money is no more he angrily says, â€Å"Man, must trust you†¦Man, I put my life in your hands†¦man†. And with that, he is back to having only dreams only about a better future. Money has become an idol which everyone is worshiping or chasing after including children. Travis asks for 50 cents from Ruth before he heads to school which he is denied at first but later Walter hands him a one dollar bill. Children have also become obsessed with money in the society, and it is becoming a norm to pay them off with every little thing they do or help around in the homestead. This eventually leads to them growing with the belief that money is everything hence will always chase after it. All the money is gone and Walter being frustrated, Mama still says that there is something left to love about him and asks if they have cried for the Walter for what he must be going through and the experience he has passed through. Lena knows that money is not everything provided that the family is healthy and happy everything is okay. Karl Lindner is sent to the Youngers to acquire the house they had previously bought in a white neighborhood at a price even higher than the original price tag as the residents of Clybourne don’t have any relationship with the black family in order to move out because they have worked hard and will do anything to protect their dreams. However, Lana is against the idea of selling the house as she tells her Walter, â€Å"Son I come from five generations of people who was slaves and sharecroppers but ain’t nobody in my family never let nobody pay them no money that was a way of telling us we weren’t fit to walk the earth. We ain’t never been that poor. We ain’t never been that dead inside.† The white neighborhood believes that with money they can acquire anything even get the Youngers to sell their house simply because they do not want them living amongst them even if it means paying a higher price to buy the house. Despite all, in the end, a family is what comes first. Lena knows that it is the family is superior to money that is why she does not get mad when Walter misuses his entire father’s life work in a day by getting conned. Ruth feels the same way, and all she cares about is her family is happy. Willy who was supposed to be a friend to both Walter and Bobo decides to walk away with all their money in the name of going to get a license but never returns. Their friendship ceases to exist all for money. Many strong friendships and relationships come to an end with the cause being money. Everybody believes that money is everything and they can even sacrifice their friend’s dreams to get it. Walter is all about being great and climbing the social class in the society. He puts his dreams ahead of Beneatha’s dream of attending medical school and ends up losing all the money. She does not take this well in the beginning as she says; â€Å"Did you dream of yachts on Lake Michigan, Brother? Did you see yourself on that Great Day sitting down at the Conference Table, surrounded by all the mighty bald men in America? All halted, waiting, breathless, waiting for your pronouncements on the industry? Waiting for you Chairman of the Board, I look at you, and I see the final triumph of stupidity in the world!† Hansberry Central motif in the play is money as the whole plot revolves around the $10,000 check the Youngers receive after their father passed away. Money easily tears families apart if every member is always chasing it as conflicts are bound to happen. It is the root of evil in the society today as all bad things happening are mainly due to people’s thirst for money. Many innocent individuals have fallen victims even some end up dead if they try to stop someone from stealing or harming others for money. Immorality is on the rise and the number of youth engaging in prostitution and other immoral activities such as stealing for money has risen in the past the reason being everybody wants to get rich but no one is willing to work hard for it hence looks for an alternative method to getting it and this tends to be activities going against what is morally right. Conclusively, the author clearly shows that Walter does not care about anything else apart from the check they are about to receive. In addition, Money easily tears families apart if every member is always chasing it as conflicts are bound to happen. It is the root of evil in the society today as all bad things happening are mainly due to people’s thirst for money. How to cite Materialismin in A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry, Papers

Japanese Real Estate Investment Market †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Japanese Real Estate Investment Market. Answer: Introduction There are plenty of risks that could be associated with an overseas investment. These risks could be associated with a number of factors such as geographical distance, economic risks, the lack of expertise in dealing with Japanese firms and many others. However, the primary concerns with this investment are the market risks of investing in Tokyo. The property will be shared with HSG and the operational risks are expected to be low. The property will be low since the costs of operating the property can be as low as 3%. Additionally, tenants will pay a share in the maintenance of the property. The cost of acquiring new tenants may also be low since the brokerage is expected to be around 3%. The lease length is ten years which helps insure against the volatility of the market. However, primary risk assessment demonstrates that there are plenty of market risks that must be considered before an investment in the property is made. Investment in this property like all other properties of Delta Q would be based on a quantitative measurement of risks and expected growth. Since, market risks are the expected to play an important role in the success of this investment, it is necessary to assess the market risks from various aspects. Ideally, the investment in this property should have a similar or a greater cap rate to the current properties held by Delta Q, so that the opportunity costs of capital invested are lower. Market for Real Estate Space in Tokyo Tokyo is the largest metropolitan in the world, apart from being the capital of Japan. The population all over the country is on a decline but has been increasing the Tokyo Metropolitan area. It is expected that Tokyo will maintain its population.(Nomura Research Institute Ltd., 2013) Hence, the consumption of goods is expected to remain high. Additionally, Tokyo is strategically located as city surrounded by ports. Hence, the demand for logistical properties is expected to be high in Tokyo. This implies that the market for rentals in Tokyo will be high. The ability to lease out is a property is the biggest risk that could be faced throughout the expected holding period of 10 years. The ability to lease out the property would determine the cash flows for the partnership, significantly. The lack of sufficient cash flows would could affect the liquidity of the partnership and have a contagion effect on Delta Q. The vacancy rate of similar properties in Tokyo is low, currently, and had consistently remained low. The highest vacancy rate for similar properties , has been 20%. However, this rate was achieved during at the peak of the Global Financial Crisis. This occurred during the Global Financial Crisis of 2008-2009. Hence, the market for rental space in the near future for Tokyo was expected to be high. Similarly, the vacancy rate of similar properties i.e. logistics properties held in J-REIT portfolios has low, and looks positive in the current scenario. However, the volatility of the vacancy rates of these properties seems to be a cause of concern. A look at the previous trends has shown that the vacancy rates, once spurred by economic factors, tended to climb high in a very short period of time and showed a very vertical trend. This was seen during the Global Financial Crisis, in the quarter of May-August 2010, during the quarter of November 2011 - February 2012, and then again during the quarter of May 2012- August 2012. The sharp rise in vacancy rates could affect the ability to lease the property and presents the risk of frequent liquidity shocks. The graph for vacancy rates between August 2006 and December 2013 highlights a concern that Delta Quantitative Real Estate Capital would have to struggle to keep the property occupied throughout the year. On the supply side of the market, the supply of warehouses has been showing an increasing trend since 2009. The supply of the logistical space available for rentals was over 8000 square meters in 2003. In addition, there are over 17 logistics development projects in the pipeline, with at least six projects located close to the major ports. It is clear that the Tokyo market may experience a sudden rise in the supply of properties for logistical use, during the expected holding period. Tokyo has seen properties market rents that were close to the 1300 Yen per square meter per month. However, the market rate hovers around 1,150 Yen. It is important that the market rent might be high due to the very low vacancy rates in Tokyo currently and it is possible that the rents could drop in the future. Operating expenses are at 350 Yen/ Square metres per month currently. These expenses are not expected to go very high since the Japanese bank has a target inflation of 2%. As a developed country and a country with an ageing population, the inflation rates in Japan are not expected to be high like some developing countries like India or China. Hence, the expenses for operating and maintaining the property are expected to remain stable. Financial Market for Property Assets Bond Yields: Bond Yields in Japan are expected to hover around 2%, in line with the current monetary policy, according to earlier projections. Currently, interest rates in Japan are lower than most of the developed world. This could translate into cheap creditHowever, the Japanese government has suggested that the country will pursue an aggressive monetary policy that will help increase the inflation as well as higher interest rate payments for credit.(Ranasinghe, 2013) De-Regulation of the REIT Market: It is expected that there will be deregulation in the J-REIT market which will help Delta take control or provide credit into the partnership, should the need arise. (Nomura Research Institute Ltd., 2013) This should be seen as a positive for the partnership. In case of deregulatory reforms, it will be easier to invest and divest from the partnership. Gross Domestic Product: The GDP of Japan has hovered around the 2% per annum mark since the early 1990s and is expected to continue to grow within the range of 0% to 2% until 2018, at least. The stable GDP growth could be a double edged sword. Economic stability is expected and hence, can increase certainty. On the other hand, a stable GDP implies that there may not be higher demand for goods and the rental rates would not be expected to rise very high, at least for the next five years. This limits the cap. However, if the new economic reforms go as expected then the growth rate might increase. This could affect the availability of credit as well as the operating expenses. The US Dollar - Yen Exchange Rate: The Japanese Yen has depreciated as compared to the US Dollar since 2003. Japan, recently, posted its first trade deficit in over three decades. This implies that the Japanese Yen may not appreciate soon. This is a positive since this will increase the value of the cap. Decline of exports, on the other hands, may point towards a decline in the demand for logistic properties. Financial Analysis Cash Flows during the Period. All costs and revenues given below are accrued in Japanese Yen. Table 1 Assured Rental Receipts during the Holding Period Rental Revenue Year Nippon 7 eleven Japan Uniqlo Total 2014 310320000 139920000 209880000 660120000 2015 310320000 139920000 209880000 660120000 2016 310320000 139920000 209880000 660120000 2017 139920000 209880000 349800000 2018 139920000 209880000 349800000 2019 209880000 209880000 2020 209880000 209880000 2021 209880000 209880000 2022 0 2023 0 Table 2 Total Assured Operating Expenses Receivable Year Nippon 7 eleven Japan Uniqlo Total 42000000 21000000 31500000 94500000 2014 42840000 21420000 32130000 96390000 2015 43696800 21848400 32772600 98317800 2016 0 22285368 33428052 55713420 2017 0 22731075.36 34096613.04 56827688.4 2018 0 0 34778545.3008 34778545.3008 2019 0 0 35474116.206816 35474116.206816 2020 0 0 36183598.5309523 36183598.5309523 2021 0 0 0 0 2022 0 0 0 0 2023 0 Table 3 Total Assured Receivables Year Total Operating Revenue 2014 1643040000 2015 1643040000 2016 1643040000 2017 1022400000 2018 1022400000 2019 602640000 2020 602640000 2021 602640000 2022 0 2023 0 Table 4 Expected Building Management Expenses Property Management Expenses Year Nippon 7 eleven Japan Uniqlo 2014 10569600 4827600 6971400 2015 10594800 4840200 6990300 2016 10620504 4853052 7009578 2017 0 4866161.04 7029241.56 2018 0 4879532.2608 7049298.3912 2019 0 0 7069756.359024 2020 0 0 7090623.48620448 2021 0 0 7111907.95592856 2022 0 0 0 2023 0 0 0 Table 5 Expected Operating Expenses Year Operating Expenses Per Month Nippon 7 eleven Japan Uniqlo Total 2014 4200 84000000 42000000 63000000 189004200 2015 4284 85680000 42840000 64260000 192784284 2016 4369.68 87393600 43696800 65545200 196639969.68 2017 4457.0736 89141472 44570736 66856104 200572769.0736 2018 4546.2150 90924301.44 45462150.72 68193226.08 204584224.455072 2019 4637.13937 92742787.4688 46371393.7344 69557090.6016 208675908.944173 2020 4729.88216 94597643.218176 47298821.609088 70948232.413632 212849427.123057 2021 4824.4798 96489596.0825396 48244798.0412698 72367197.0619047 217106415.665518 2022 4920.969 98419388.0041904 49209694.0020952 73814541.0031428 221448543.978829 2023 5019.38878 100387775.7642 50193887.8821371 75290831.8232056 225877514.858405 Table 6 Total Expected Capital Investment in First Year Expenses Costs Total Purchase Expenses 5340862575 Total Brokerage Costs 166327200 Tenant Improvement costs 62500000 Recommendations There are plenty of macro Economic risks that could be experienced within this partnership. However, Tokyo is a safe for Delta Quantitative Real Estate Capital (Delta Q) to begin its journey into foreign investment due to the relative economic stability it offers. However, the experience of the contagion of th Global Financial Crisis also, suggests that the economy of Japan is greatly linked to the economy of USA. Hence, strategically, a recession in USA could be followed by a recession in Japan. That beats the primary purpose of diversification which is to provide respite in case the US economy experiences difficult times. There are positives for this investment on the economic front. If the expected aggressive monetary policies go through and the availability of consumer credit rises, then the demand for warehouses would also be affected. Deregulation of J-REIT could be another positive factor that would be an incentive to go ahead with this project. On the other hand, the Tokyo market is relatively saturated with properties for logistical purposes that are already available or in the pipeline. It is strongly recommended that Delta Q considers an investment in the project and adopts a policy of wait and watch for the next three months. If there is a strong push in reforms that would bring in greater deregulation and easier availability of credit, then this investment may be worthwhile. References Nomura Research Institute Ltd. (2013, April). Japanese Real Estate Investment Market 2013. Retrieved from Nomura Research Institute Ltd., consulting Division: https://www.nri.com/jp/opinion/r_report/pdf/japanreport2013_en_final.pdf Ranasinghe, D. (2013, Aoril 4). Bank of Japan Unveils Aggressive Monetary Policy. Retrieved from CNBC: https://www.cnbc.com/id/100614755